Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum contains various chemical components,including saponins,flavonoids,phenolic compounds,and polysaccharides,among which saponins are the main active substances.Extensive research has been conducted both in China and abroad on the efficacy mechanisms and pharmacological activities of P.grandiflorum saponins.These studies have found that P.grandiflorum saponins exhibit significant health benefits,including cough suppression,asthma relief,liver protection,anti -tumor effects,antioxidant properties,and anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions.This article provides a review of the chemical composition and structure,extraction and purification methods,as well as the efficacy of P.grandiflorum saponins.It also discusses the current state of research on P.grandiflorum saponins and offers prospects for future research directions.
Publication Date
4-3-2025
First Page
206
Last Page
215
DOI
10.13652/j.spjx.1003.5788.2024.80506
Recommended Citation
Yawen, ZHENG; Xiao, YANG; Yizi, YAN; Taihua, CUI; and Qing, JIN
(2025)
"Research progress on Platycodon grandiflorum saponins,"
Food and Machinery: Vol. 41:
Iss.
2, Article 26.
DOI: 10.13652/j.spjx.1003.5788.2024.80506
Available at:
https://www.ifoodmm.cn/journal/vol41/iss2/26
References
[1] 杨曙光,王鹏,开菲.桔梗升降浮沉药性考辨 [J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2022,28(8):1 323-1 325,1 366.YANG S G,WANG P,KAI F.Textual research on floating and sinking property of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine,2022,28(8):1 323-1 325,1 366.
[2] 许伟辰,罗子宸,谢彤,等.中药桔梗研究进展及其质量标志物 预 测 初 步 分 析 [J].南 京 中 医 药 大 学 学 报,2021,37(2):294-302.XU W C,LUO Z C,XIE T,et al.Advance in research on platycodonis radix and preliminary analysis of its quality marker prediction [J].Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2021,37(2):294-302.
[3] 何美莲,程小卫,陈家宽,等.桔梗皂苷类成分及其质量分析[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(6):457-460.HE M L,CHENG X W,CHEN J K,et al.Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum and its quality analysis [J].Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacology,2005,16(6):457-460.
[4] KUBOTA T,KITATANI H,HINOH H.The structure of platycogenic acids A,B,and C,further triterpenoid constituents of Platycodon grandiflorum A.De candolle [J].Journal of the Chemical Society D:Chemical Communications,1969 (22):1 313.
[5] HA Y W,NA Y C,HA I J,et al.Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based structural analysis of new platycoside metabolites transformed by human intestinal bacteria [J].Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,2010,51(1):202-209.
[6] CHOI Y H,YOO D S,CHOI C W,et al.Platyconic acid A,a genuine triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Molecules,2008,13(11):2 871-2 879.
[7] IDA Y,FUKUMURA M,IWASAKI D,et al.Eight new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from platycodon root [J].Heterocycles,2010,81(12):2 793.
[8] NA Y C,HA Y W,KIM Y S,et al.Structural analysis of platycosides in Platycodi Radix by liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry [J].Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1 189(1/2):467-475.
[9] JEONG E K,HA I J,KIM Y S,et al.Glycosylated platycosides:identification by enzymatic hydrolysis and structural determination by LC-MS/MS [J].Journal of Separation Science,2014,37(1/2):61-68.
[10] CHOI Y H,YOO D S,CHA M R,et al.Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells [J].Journal of Natural Products,2010,73(11):1 863-1 867.
[11] NIKADO T,KOIKE K,MITSUNAGA K,et al.Triterpenoid saponins from root of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Natural Medicines,1998,52(1):54-59.
[12] NIKAIDO T,KOIKE K,MITSUNAGA K,et al.Two new triterpenoid saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1999,47(6):903-904.
[13] FU W W,SHIMIZU N,DOU D Q,et al.Five new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2006,54(4):557-560.
[14] HE Z D,QIAO C F,HAN Q B,et al.New triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Tetrahedron,2005,61(8):2 211-2 215.
[15] QIU L,XIAO Y,LIU Y Q,et al.Platycosides P and Q,two new triterpene saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Journal of Asian Natural Products Research,2019,21(5):419-425.
[16] ZHAN Q,ZHANG F,SUN L N,et al.Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids from Platycodi Radix and anti-proliferative activity in HSC-T 6 cells [J].Molecules,2012,17(12):14 899-14 907.
[17] ISHII H,TORI K,TOZYO T,et al.Saponins from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Part 1:structure of prosapogenins [J].Journal of the Chemical Society,Perkin Transactions 1,1981:1 928-1 933.
[18] 付文卫,侯文彬,窦德强,等.桔梗中远志酸型皂苷的化学研究[J].药学学报,2006,41(4):358-360.FU W W,HOU W B,DO D Q,et al.Saponins of polygalacic acid type from Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica,2006,41(4):358-360.
[19] LI W,ZHANG W,XIANG L,et al.Platycoside N:a new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Molecules,2010,15(12):8 702-8 708.
[20] ISHII H,TORI K,TOZYO T,et al.Saponins from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Part 2:isolation and structure of new triterpene glycosides [J].Journal of the Chemical Society,Perkin Transactions 1,1984:661-668.
[21] FU W W,FU J N,ZHANG W M,et al.Platycoside O,a new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum[J].Molecules,2011,16(6):4 371-4 378.
[22] FU W W,SHIMIZU N,TAKEDA T,et al.New A-ring lactone triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2006,54(9):1 285-1 287.
[23] LI W,XIANG L,ZHANG J,et al.A new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Chinese Chemical Letters,2007,18(3):306-308.
[24] MA G X,GUO W J,ZHAO L Z,et al.Two new triterpenoid saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2013,61(1):101-104.
[25] ZHANG L,LIU Z H,TIAN J K.Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Molecules,2007,12(4):832-841.
[26] 王船英.桔梗最优提取工艺研究 [J].九江学院学报 (自然科学版),2018,33(3):92-94,97.WANG C Y.Study on the optimal extraction process of Platycodon grandiflorum [J].Journal of Jiujiang University (Natural Science Edition ),2018,33(3):92-94,97.
[27] 张志,高雪梅,王士杰,等.基于响应面法优化桔梗皂苷微波提取工艺 [J].中国民族医药杂志,2023,29(11):38-41.ZHANG Z,GAO X M,WANG S J,et al.Optimization of microwave extraction process of Platycodon grandiflorum saponins based on response surface methodology [J].Journal of Medicine & Pharmacy of Chinese Minorities,2023,29(11):38-41.
[28] YIN X,ZHAO R,ZHANG A Q,et al.Efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction of platycodin D and lobetyolin from Platycodon grandiflorus with polyethylene glycol (PEG ) solution [J].Industrial Crops and Products,2023,191:115951.
[29] 靳学远,刘红.超高压提取桔梗皂苷工艺条件的优化 [J].南方农业学报,2014,45(5):850-853.JIN X Y,LIU H.Optimizing saponins extraction conditions from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by ultra high pressure[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2014,45(5):850-853.
[30] WU K J,XI J.Mechanochemical-assisted extraction of platycodin D from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum with solid alkalis [J].Industrial Crops and Products,2020,145:112026.
[31] 张庆芬,李占君,李晓雪,等.匀浆结合超声—微波协同提取桔梗中桔梗皂苷 D和党参炔苷工艺研究 [J].森林工程,2022,38(5):110-120.ZHANG Q F,LI Z J,LI X X,et al.Homogenate pretreatment followed by ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction of platycodin D and lobetyolin from the platycodon radix [J].Forest Engineering,2022,38(5):110-120.
[32] 钟方丽,王文姣,王晓林,等.微波协同双水相萃取桔梗茎总皂苷及其抗氧化活性研究 [J].北方园艺,2016 (7):119-124.ZHONG F L,WANG W J,WANG X L.Study on extraction process of total saponins in Platycodon grandiflorum stems with aqueous two-phase cooperated with microwave method and its antioxidant ability [J].Northern Horticulture,2016 (7):119-124.
[33] HA I J,KANG M,NA Y C,et al.Preparative separation of minor saponins from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography [J].Journal of Separation Science,2011,34(19):2 559-2 565.
[34] XING Q Q,FU Q,JIN Y,et al.Preparation of triterpene saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum by two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-reversed phase liquid chromatography [J].Chinese Journal of Chromatography,2014,32(7):767-772.
[35] LI W,ZHAO L C,WANG Z,et al.Response surface methodology to optimize enzymatic preparation of Deapio-Platycodin D and Platycodin D from Radix Platycodi [J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2012,13(4):4 089-4 100.
[36] LEE H Y,LEE G H,KIM H K,et al.Platycodi Radix and its active compounds ameliorate against house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation and ER stress and ROS by enhancing anti-oxidation [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2019,123:412-423.
[37] 谢雄雄,张迟,曾金祥,等.桔梗提取物部位群镇咳祛痰活性与桔梗皂苷成分研究 [J].中国新药杂志,2019,28(13):1 647-1 653.XIE X X,ZHANG C,ZENG J X,et al.Antitussive and expectorant activities and saponinson components of Various extract Fractions from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC[J].Chinese Journal of New Drugs,2019,28(13):1 647-1 653.
[38] KIM T W,LEE H K,SONG I B,et al.Platycodin D attenuates bile duct ligation-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis in mice[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,51:364-369.
[39] KIM S R,PARK E J,DUSABIMANA T,et al.Platycodon grandiflorus fermented extracts attenuate endotoxin-induced acute liver injury in mice [J].Nutrients,2020,12(9):2 802.
[40] LIU Y M,CONG S,CHENG Z,et al.Platycodin D alleviates liver fibrosis and activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating JNK/c-JUN signal pathway [J].European Journal of Pharmacology,2020,876:172946.
[41] WEN X J,WANG J,FAN J Y,et al.Investigating the protective effects of platycodin D on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a palmitic acid-induced in vitro model [J].Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments,2022 (190):64816.
[42] 马琳琳,何慧,张世科,等.桔梗皂苷 -D诱导 Hela 细胞凋亡的作 用 及 机 制 研 究 [J].现 代 中 西 医 结 合 杂 志,2020,29(22):2 429-2 436.MA L L,HE H,ZHANG S K,et al.Study on the effect and mechanism of platycodin-D induction on apoptosis of cervical cancer cell line Hela [J].Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,2020,29(22):2 429-2 436.
[43] HAN S H,LEE J H,WOO J S,et al.Platycodin D induces apoptosis via regulating MAPK pathway and promotes autophagy in colon cancer cell [J].Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,2024,172:116216.
[44] ZHENG S Y,XIN Y L,LIN J M,et al.Platycodin D inhibits angiogenic vascular mimicry in NSCLC by regulating the eIF4E-mediated RNA methylome [J].Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis,2024,14(1):152-155.
[45] HSU W C,RAMESH S,SHIBU M A,et al.Platycodin D |reverses histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by repressing ERK 1/2-mediated cofilin- 1 phosphorylation [J].Phytomedicine,2021,82:153442.
[46] PENG F,XIAO F C,LIN L.Protective effects of platycodin D3 on airway remodeling and inflammation via modulating MAPK/NF- κ B signaling pathway in asthma mice [J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2022,2 022:1612829.
[47] KIM T Y,JEON S,JANG Y,et al.Platycodin D,a natural component of Platycodon grandiflorum,prevents both lysosome- and TMPRSS 2-driven SARS-CoV- 2 infection by hindering membrane fusion [J].Experimental & Molecular Medicine,2021,53(5):956-972.
[48] KANG S H,KIM T H,SHIN K C,et al.Biotransformation of food-derived saponins,platycosides,into deglucosylated saponins including deglucosylated platycodin D and their anti-inflammatory activities [J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2019,67(5):1 470-1 477.
[49] HAN B C,LUO J H,XU B J.Revealing molecular mechanisms of the bioactive saponins from edible root of Platycodon grandiflorum in combating obesity [J].Plants,2024,13(8):1 123.
[50] HWANG K A,HWANG Y J,IM P R,et al.Platycodon grandiflorum extract reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis pathways in mice [J].Journal of Medicinal Food,2019,22(10):993-999.
[51] KIM H L,PARK J,JUNG Y,et al.Platycodin D,a novel activator of AMP-activated protein kinase,attenuates obesity in db/db mice via regulation of adipogenesis and thermogenesis[J].Phytomedicine,2019,52:254-263.
[52] LIN Y C,LIN Y C,KUO W W,et al.Platycodin D reverses pathological cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats [J].The American Journal of Chinese Medicine,2018,46(3):537-549.
[53] 孟庆雯,刘华江,黄珊,等.桔梗皂苷 D通过抑制 AT1-CARP通路改善 AMI 大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和心脏功能的研究 [J].重庆医学,2021,50(3):372-377.MENG Q W,LIU H J,HUANG S,et al.Study on Bellflower Saponin D inhibiting AT 1-CARP pathway to improve AMI rat cardiomyocytes apoptosis and cardiac function [J].Chongqing Medicine,2021,50(3):372-377.
[54] CHOI S I,CHOI Y E,HAN X G,et al.Fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract alleviates TNF- α/IFN-γ-induced inflammatory response in HaCaT cells and modulates immune balance on 1-chloro- 2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice [J].Journal of Functional Foods,2021,85:104617.
[55] PARK E J,JUNG A J,LEE S H,et al.An 8-week randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of red Platycodon grandiflorus root extract on enhancement of immune function [J].Phytomedicine,2021,93:153811.
[56] MA X T,SHAO S,XIAO F Q,et al.Platycodon grandiflorum extract:chemical composition and whitening,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory effects [J].RSC Advances,2021,11(18):10 814-10 826.
[57] SHI C Y,LI Q,ZHANG X Y.Platycodin D protects human fibroblast cells from premature senescence induced by H2O2 through improving mitochondrial biogenesis [J].Pharmacology,2020,105(9/10):598-608.
[58] LIU Y N,HONG Z P,QIAN J,et al.Protective effect of Jie-Geng-Tang against Staphylococcus aureus induced acute lung injury in mice and discovery of its effective constituents [J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2019,243:112076.
[59] SONG Y M,LV P L,YU J N.Platycodin D inhibits diabetic retinopathy via suppressing TLR 4/MyD 88/NF- κB signaling pathway and activating Nrf 2/HO- 1 signaling pathway [J].Chemical Biology & Drug Design,2024,103(1):e14419.
[60] SONG J S,HAN S,CHOI S,et al.A mixture of Pueraria lobata and Platycodon grandiflorum extracts ameliorates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating Src-PI 3K-AKT and JNK/p 38 signaling pathways [J].Heliyon,2024,10(2):e24842.